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Navodnjavanje
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Navodnjavanje predstavlja hidrotehničku meru za poboljšanje fizičkih osobina zemljišta dodavanjem vode kako bi se postigla optimalna vlaga za vreme vegetacije i tako postigao optimalan prinos. Navodnjavanje se sprovodi tokom jednog dela vegetacije ili tokom celog vegetacijskog perioda. Voda se koristi iz vodenih tokova, veštačkih jezera, izvora ili iz prečišćenih otpadnih voda. Prema načinu pretvaranja toka vode u kapilarnu vodu u zemljištu, postoje tri metode navodnjavanja: površinsko, podzemno i kišenje (orošavanje).
Ukoliko nema dovoljno prirodnih padavina, potrebno je obaviti navodnjavanje. Propusti i nedostaci u praksi u oblasti agrotehnike, često se rešavaju pojačanim navodnjavanjem. Međutim, tako se ne postižu željeni rezultati, a nije ni ekonomično. Za režim zalivanja dekorativnih travnjaka, nije bitna kvantitativna produkcija organske mase, nego njihova gustina, boja i dekorativni izgled.
Navodnjavanje parkovskih travnjaka, kao i sportskih terena uspešno se izvodi upotrebom samohodnih sektorskih uređaja, takozvanih “tifona”. Najsavremenija tehnička rešenja za navodnjavanje travnjaka su ona koja imaju stacionarni rasprskivač. Ali, pre postavljanja ovog sistema za navodnjavanje, bitno je detaljno ga razraditi i projektovati, jer on bez raskopavanja terena nemože da se postavi.
Stacionarni rasprskivači su teleskopski i smešteni su ispod površine zemlje, zajedno sa pratećom instalacijom. Ova vrsta uređaja, takozvani “pop – up” rasprskivači mogu imati sprej ili rotorni dodatak. Princip po kojem funkcionišu je takav da se iznad površine zemljišta nalaze samo za vreme navodnjavanja. Završetkom navodnjavanja povlače se ponovo ispod površine, tako da ne smetaju pri košenju ili obavljanju drugih aktivnosti na travnjaku.
Sprej rasprskivači namenjeni su za navodnjavanje manjih zelenih površina, jer ne snabdevaju vodom površinu ispod sebe i zbog toga se obavezno projektuju i montiraju po sistemu duplog preklapanja. Visina izdizanja u slučaju ovih rasprskivača je od 5 do 40 cm.
Rotorni rasprskivači odabiraju se tako da njihova dimenzija odgovara nameni. Domet može da se podešava uz zamenu mlaznice, ali može da funkcioniše i bez toga. Ugao prskanja je od 40 do 360°. Zavisno od tipa uređaja, poluprečnik prskanja može biti od četiri metra do preko 20 metara. Korišćenjem “pop – up” rasprskivača različitih tipova i veličina, koji kružno ili sektorski navodnjavaju zelene površine, kao i izborom mlaznice i odgovarajućim rasporedom, mogu da se navodnjavaju travnjaci različitih oblika i veličina. Prednost automatizovanog sistema navodnjavanja je u tome što može planski da se prilagodi svakom vrtu, parku ili nekoj drugoj zelenoj površini. Sistem upravlja mikroprocesorom omogućava podešavanje zalivne norme, tako da može da se obezbedi ravnomerna raspodela potrebne količine vode, a u optimalnim vremenskim intervalima.
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